The most useful medicinal herbs to treat diabetes

Biomed Press An Open Access Publisher © 2018 The Authors. Published by the BioMedPress under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome that is characterized by hyperglycemia, change in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, and in the long term, with eye, kidney, cardiovascular, and neurological complications. Plenty of plants from different regions of the world have been investigated for anti-diabetic effects. This review article was designed to report some of the most important medicinal plants with hypoglycemic properties according to reliable clinical and laboratory evidence, and also touched on the medicinal plants that are prescribed in Iranian traditional medicine, for the treatment of diabetes. The information in this review was obtained from the eligible articles retrieved using the search terms diabetes mellitus, medicinal plants, type 1 diabetes and medicinal plants, type 2 diabetes and medicinal plants, and the effect of extract and essential oil of medicinal plants affecting diabetized tissues in the human body indexed in databases such as Iran medex, Irandoc, ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, etc. Based on the results drawn in this review the plants, Urtica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Carthamus tinctorius, Ferula assa-foetida, Bauhinia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia, Combretum, Sarcopoterium, Liriope, Caesalpinia bonduc, Coccinia grandis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Pterocarpus, Tinospora cordifoli, Salvia officinalis, Panax, Cinnamomum verum, Abelmoschus moschatus, Vachellia nilotica, Achyranthes, Fabaceae, Mentha, Asphodelaceae, Andrographis paniculata L, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinioideae, Pachira aquatic, Gongronema latifolium, Nigella Sativa, Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Zingiber zerumbet, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Symplocos, Perilla frutescens, Terminalia chebula and Aloe vera are effective to controland treat diabetes. Abstract Received: 18 June 2018 Accepted: 15 July 2018 Published: 21 August 2018 Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551

This may be because of inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase in the liver and stimulation of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. [39] 16 URTICA DIOICA (U. dioica) The aqueous UD extract plays an important role by improving the morphology and / or function of beta cells. Preventing damage to beta-cell cells, repair damaged beta cells, rebuilding new cells, and stimulating insulin secretion in functional cells is one of the mechanisms of action of the extract of this plant [35] Trigonella foenum graecum The therapeutic effect of fenugreek seed on diabetes is at least partly due to the direct stimuli of an amino acid called hydroxysolecuine-4 on insulin secretion from beta cells. Following cell damage, the activity of Ca ATPase and Na / K ATPase pumps decreases the consumption of fenugreek seeds by reducing the free radicals, eliminating these disorders. [36] Carthamus tinctorius The rich source of flavonoids, such as quercetin and camphorol, is linked to its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity. [36] Ferula assa-foetida Due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, gum can reduce the amount of intracellular free radicals and stimulate the synthesis and secretion of insulin or hyperplasia of the remaining beta cells in the pancreas. Anthoczone gum may reduce blood glucose by stimulating the synthesis and secretion of insulin and hyperplasia of the remaining beta pancreatic beta cells. [37] Bauhinia forficata It is rich in polyphenolic antioxidant compounds, flavonoids, which reduce blood glucose by increasing insulin secretion and inducing glucose transfer through insulin-dependent pathways. [37] Gymnema sylvestre Gymnemic acid molecules have a receptor on the surface of the outer layers of the intestine that prevents the absorption of sugar molecules by the intestine, which leads to a decrease in blood sugar levels. [38] Swertia punicea The mechanism of action of the Swertia Punicea Glucose Reducing Effect by Improving Insulin Resistance, which increases the absorption and secretion of insulin. [38] Combretum Micranthum Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of insulin or hyperplasia of the remaining beta cells in the pancreas. [38] Sarcopoterium spinosum The blue extract of the root of the Sarcopoterium spinosum plant exhibits activity similar to insulin. [38] Liriope spicata Increases insulin secretion and absorption, and improves glucose tolerance in the body. [50] Caesalpinia bonducella Increases insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. The anti-hyperglycaemic effect of the plant's extracts may be due to blockage of glucose uptake [39] Coccinia indica These extracts lowered the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme activity and reconstituted glucose 6-phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, which increased in diabetic patients without treatment [39] Syzygium cumini The cAMP content increases langerhans, which is associated with increased insulin production. This role plays a role in converting perinsulin to insulin with increased activity of catepsin. It increases the activity of insulin and inhibits the activity of Na / K ATPase from the patient's erythrocytes. [39] Mangifera indica This may be due to decreased intestinal absorption of glucose.  Momordica charantia It inhibits glucose 6-phosphatase in addition to fructose-1, 6-bis-sepsfatase in the liver and stimulates glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase [39] Salvia nemorosa Inhibiting insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation, the plant inhibits insulin resistance. [40] Ginseng Ginseng has a blood glucose-lowering effect that stimulates insulin secretion, protects pancreatic islets, stimulates glucose uptake, and increases insulin sensitivity. [41] Momordica charantia Bitter melon increases the anti-hyperglycemic effects by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), activating AMPK, increasing the expression of type 4 glucose (GLUT4), enhancing beta cellularity and insulin effects. [41] Trigonella foenum-graecum Its antihyperglycaemic mechanisms were associated with increased insulin secretion, increased insulin sensitivity, and inhibition of digestion and intestinal carbohydrate intake. [41] Allium sativum These effects are mainly caused by repair of insulin responses and inhibition of glucose intestinal absorption. These effects of the pancreas β result in stimulation of insulin secretion from the cells. [41] Cinnamon Lowering effects work by promoting insulin secretion, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased glucose elimination.
Also, cinnamon seemed to have insulin-like effects by regulating PTP1B and insulin receptor kinase. [42] Zingiber zerumbet Treatment ZZRext Triggers active nuclear activation _B (NF-_B) , As well as expression of the active protein protein kinase protein p38 (MAPK) In the retina of the diabetic . [43] Kaempferia parviflora Extract KP With increasing protein 1 (UCP1) In the fat tissue of coffee in mice and humans, it increases the cost of energy . [44] Opuntia megacanth Reduces plasma concentration Na_ , Simultaneously with the reduction of plasma ions concentration . Leaf extract O. megacantha Significantly increased creatinine and plasma urea concentration A. [45] Symplocos coccinae It increases the activity of aldose reductase and stores glycogen and protein in the muscle. [46] perilla Hyperglycemia effect of Perila leaf growth factor PLE) is derived, at least in terms of reduced glucose uptake, in the small intestine. Improved tolerance to Glucose PLE may be due to direct inhibition of glucose uptake in the small intestine. [47] Allium sativum Garlic stimulates insulin secretion. Effect is by restoration of insulin and inhibition of absorption from intestines and glucose creation. [48] Terminal chebula Due to its significant hypoglycemia, the extract may inhibit the formation of advanced glycosylated products. It is possible to increase the secretion of insulin from beta-lancer cells. [49] Aloe vera. Burm The polyphenols of this plant in the islands β by increasing the stimulation of langerhans cells, more insulin is released, due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and glycosides in this plant.
[50] diabetes, insulin deficiency or the body's inability to consume it causes the sugar to remain in the blood instead of reaching the cells and producing energy. This excess amount of sugar in the blood causes the blood sugar level to exceed normal level. Before the discovery of insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, diabetic patients were treated with medicinal plants and traditional treatments. So far, the positive effects of over 1200 herbal drugs in reducing blood glucose levels or the complications due to hyperglycemia have been established. Each plant may have its own effective component to reduce hyperglycemia. However, these plants have been shown to possess antioxidant activities [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Oxidative stress is involved in development of diabetes and a lot of other diseases [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Therefore, these plants, at least in part, impose their anti-diabetic activities through this mechanism. Because oxidative stress is the cause of a wide variety of other disease and these plants have antioxidant activity, hence, they may have beneficial effects on other diseases, too [25][26][27][28][29]. It is noteworthy that these plants due to their antioxidant activities and other mechanisms are able to reduce the toxic effects of toxic agents or other drugs [30]. However, they themselves may have toxic effects and might be used with caution [31]. More importantly a lot of other plans have antioxidant capacity [32][33][34].

Conclusions
Hence, these plants may also have anti-diabetic activities and/or can reduce diabetes complications.

Open Access
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